The alternative hypothesis suggests that globalization strengthens cosmopolitan attitudes by weakening the relevance of ethnicity, locality, or nationhood as sources of identification. Large-scale cooperation then focuses on favoring one's own ethnic, racial, or language group. One hypothesis is that globalization prompts reactionary movements that reinforce parochial distinctions among people. However, what does globalization imply for the cooperation needed to address such global social dilemmas? Two competing hypotheses are offered. Globalization magnifies the problems that affect all people and that require large-scale human cooperation, for example, the overharvesting of natural resources and human-induced global warming.
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